Rural - Urban Migration (Pull and Push Factors) & Rising Sea Levels (Countries at Risk)

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 Rural-Urban Migration

See the source image

Key Definitions:

  • Rural areas: open spaces with very few buildings and a small population

  • Urban areas: very developed with lots of buildings, roads, bridges, and railways. Large population. 

  • Push factors: A bad quality of a place that makes the person want to leave

    • Not enough jobs

    • Lack of food / clean water

    • Different conditions

    • Image result for rural

      Land degradation

    • Poor education

    • Poor electricity and technology

    • Poor sewerage

    • Limited or no health care

  • Pull factors: A good quality that makes people want to move to the place

    • More job opportunities

    • Access to shops

    • Better housing

    • Better education

    • More health care access

    • Safer

    • Clean water

    • Better sanitation

    • More technology

    • Family links

  • Urban growth: the expansion of cities due to migration


Environmental Effects of Human Settlement

  • Environmental impact of human settlement

    • Water pollution from industry, agriculture, and human waste

    • Air pollution from vehicles and industrial emissions

    • Soil contamination from pesticides and industrial by-products

    • The creation and usage of garbage dumps

    • Deforestation

    • Loss of habitat from expanding settlements

    • Loss of agricultural land due to urban sprawl

    • Light pollution from large cities

    • Disruption of migratory routes of different species

    • Desertification from unsustainable unsustainable agricultural practices

  • If subdivisions are not planned properly they can lead to urban sprawl

    • Urban sprawl: people inhabiting the settlements must rely on automobiles

  • Uses of land:

    • Residential (houses, town houses, apartment buildings)

    • Commercial (plazas, shopping malls, banks, convenience stores)

    • Recreational (parks, swimming pools, cinemas)

  • Differences between low density and high density development

    • Low density:

      • More green space and wildlife

      • Has more houses

      • More cars

    • High density:

        • Image result for urban

      • No green space (limited plantation)

      • Crowded

      • Has more high structures

      • More pollution


Rising Sea Levels

  • Reasons:

    • Melting ice caps

    • Overall warmer temperatures of sea water

  • Places at risk:

    • China

    • Vietnam

    • India

    • Indonesia

    • Bangladesh

    • Japan

  • Concerns:

    • Endangered major cities along the shorelines

      • People’s lives (urban areas with large population are normally located at shorelines)

      • Economic reasons (damages caused by flooding and agricultural land)

    • Endangered animals (e.g. polar bears)

    • Changes in ocean currents (impact ocean species)


  • Hopes:

    • Amount of sea level rise would take more than a century which means we still have time to adapt and start planning

    • China is the world’s leader in CO2 emissions. They have the power to make huge changes to help the issue


.Image result for earth polluted


 Bibliography:

Jarvis, E. (2017, February 26). YouTube Video: Push and pull factors migration. Youtube.    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UM78Yzf-y4I&feature=youtu.be


TDC. (2015, June 30). Future Sea Level Rise: Top 10 Countries In Danger. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=boKd_Pb2HUA&feature=youtu.be 

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